Environmental Science Jobs: Complete Salary & Career Guide

Environmental science careers span four main pathways: policy and planning, sustainable development and engineering, agriculture and forestry, and environmental health. Entry-level technician roles start around $46,000-$67,000 annually, while bachelor's-level environmental scientists earn median salaries of $80,060. Advanced roles with master's degrees or higher can reach $92,000-$145,000 depending on specialization. The field is growing at 6% through 2032, creating approximately 6,900 annual openings for environmental scientists and specialists.

Climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation aren't just headlines-they're driving massive investment in environmental solutions across every sector. This surge has created thousands of green jobs at every education level, from hands-on technician roles to high-level policy positions. Whether you're passionate about renewable energy, conservation, public health, or environmental law, there's a career path that aligns with your interests and education goals.

The science behind environmental work has grown increasingly complex, but the day-to-day adoption of sustainable practices has made green careers more accessible than ever. While many positions require advanced degrees, there's meaningful work available at associate's, bachelor's, and graduate levels. The key is understanding which educational pathway leads to the specific career you want.

Not sure which path fits your interests? Consider these questions:

• Do you prefer hands-on field work or policy analysis and planning?
• Are you interested in direct environmental remediation or long-term sustainability engineering?
• Do you want to work outdoors, in laboratories, or in office settings?
• Is earning potential your top priority, or are you drawn to specific environmental issues?
• Do you see yourself in government, private industry, nonprofit work, or consulting?

This guide organizes environmental careers by education level and specialty area, helping you understand exactly what degree you need for your target career. We've included current 2024 salary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, realistic job growth projections, and honest assessments of competitive fields.

On This Page:

• Entry-Level Careers (Associate)
• Mid-Level Careers (Bachelor's)
  • Sustainable Development
  • Policy & Planning
  • Agriculture & Forestry
  • Environmental Health
• Careers by State
• Advanced Careers (Master's/PhD)
• Salary Overview
• Salary Comparison Tool
• Job Growth & Outlook
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Key Takeaways

Entry-Level Environmental Careers (Associate Degree)

You don't need a four-year degree to start making an environmental impact. Associate's degrees can lead to solid middle-class careers in hands-on environmental work, particularly in renewable energy and environmental monitoring.

These positions are growing faster than many bachelor's-level careers, especially in the solar and wind energy sectors. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, solar photovoltaic installers earn a median wage of $48,800 annually (with the range from $35,200 at the 10th percentile to $69,230 at the 90th percentile). Wind turbine technicians earn a median of $61,770 (ranging from $43,900 to $88,200). Many of these roles are seasonal or project-based, which can mean periods of intense work followed by downtime.

Environmental science and protection technicians support scientists and engineers by collecting samples, monitoring equipment, and conducting field measurements. According to BLS data, these roles pay a median of $51,630 annually, with the 10th percentile earning $36,830 and the 90th percentile earning $87,730. These positions provide excellent hands-on experience if you're planning to continue your education later. You'll work outdoors in various weather conditions, often in remote locations.

Common associate's degrees for entry-level environmental careers include:

• AAS in Environmental Technologies and Sustainable Practices
• AS in Green Sustainable Design
• AS in Renewable Energy
• AAS in Green Building Maintenance and Management
• AS in Sustainable Horticulture

These programs focus on practical, hands-on skills. You'll study renewable energy systems, soil science, green design elements, and ecological design principles. Many programs include apprenticeships or field placements where you'll gain real-world experience before graduating.

The biggest advantage of starting at the associate's level is getting into the workforce quickly while keeping education costs manageable. Many employers offer tuition assistance if you decide to pursue a bachelor's degree later. This path also helps you figure out which specialization truly interests you before making a larger educational investment.

Mid-Level Environmental Careers (Bachelor's Degree)

A bachelor's degree is the standard entry credential for most professional environmental careers. This is where you'll find the core environmental scientist, conservation specialist, and sustainability coordinator positions that drive environmental work across government agencies, corporations, and nonprofits.

Environmental scientists and specialists (BLS occupational code 19-2041) earn a national median salary of $80,060, with the 10th percentile at $50,130 and the 90th percentile reaching $134,830. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 6% growth specifically for environmental scientists and specialists from 2022 to 2032, adding approximately 4,800 jobs with about 6,900 annual openings when accounting for replacement positions. That growth is moderate but steady-this isn't an exploding field, but it's stable with consistent opportunities.

Competition for bachelor's-level environmental positions can be intense, particularly in desirable geographic areas and with well-known conservation organizations. You'll differentiate yourself through internships, research experience, and technical skills like GIS, data analysis, and environmental modeling.

Bachelor's degrees in environmental science typically require coursework in biology, chemistry, physics, statistics, and specialized environmental topics. You'll also need strong communication skills-much of environmental work involves explaining complex science to non-scientists, whether they're policymakers, community members, or corporate stakeholders.

Sustainable Development and Engineering Careers

Sustainability careers exist in nearly every industry as companies integrate environmental considerations into operations, product design, and supply chains. This is one of the most diverse career categories, with opportunities ranging from green building design to corporate sustainability management to solar engineering.

Environmental engineers (BLS code 17-2081) earn a median salary of $92,120, with experienced professionals in specialized fields earning up to $144,810 at the 90th percentile. This is one of the higher-paying bachelor's-level environmental careers, though it requires strong engineering fundamentals, including advanced mathematics and physics. Salaries vary significantly by sector-consulting engineers typically earn more than government employees, while corporate sustainability roles vary widely by company size and industry.

Project management specialists in sustainability earn around $84,290 and coordinate green building projects, sustainability initiatives, and environmental compliance programs. These roles often require a combination of technical environmental knowledge and business skills. You'll work with architects, engineers, contractors, and executives to ensure projects meet environmental standards and sustainability goals.

Common bachelor's degrees for sustainable development careers include:

• BS in Sustainable Environments
• BS in Environmental Engineering
• BA in Landscape Architecture
• BS in Community Development with Sustainability Focus
• Bachelor of Business Administration in Sustainability Management

The curriculum mixes hard sciences with applied practical skills. You'll study renewable energy systems, sustainable design, environmental economics, and green building certifications like LEED. Lab courses and design studios are common, preparing you for the hands-on problem-solving these careers require.

Environmental Policy and Planning Careers

Environmental policy and planning roles influence how governments and organizations approach environmental protection. These positions involve research, analysis, regulation development, and public engagement. While some entry-level positions exist with bachelor's degrees, advancement typically requires graduate education.

With a bachelor's degree, you might start as a policy analyst assistant, recreation planner, or environmental educator. Entry-level policy support roles typically pay $50,000-$65,000 to start, with experienced policy analysts earning $75,000-$95,000. You'll conduct research, prepare reports, coordinate public meetings, and support senior policy staff. It's excellent preparation for graduate school if you decide to pursue a master's in public policy or environmental law.

Conservation scientists and foresters (BLS code 19-1031) earn a median salary of $64,010, with a range from $43,620 to $100,350 depending on experience, specialization, and employer. These professionals manage and protect natural resources, often for government agencies or private landowners. This career combines field work with planning and administration. You'll assess forest health, develop management plans, and sometimes enforce regulations. Many positions require a willingness to work in rural areas.

Bachelor's degrees common for policy and planning tracks include:

• BS in Environmental Policy and Management
• BS in Environmental Psychology
• BA in Environmental Planning and Policy
• BS in Sustainability

You'll study environmental law and regulation, policy analysis methods, environmental economics, and communication. Internships with government agencies, environmental nonprofits, or advocacy organizations are crucial for building the network and experience you'll need for career advancement.

Agriculture and Forestry Careers

Sustainable agriculture and forest management careers address how we produce food and manage natural resources without depleting them. These careers focus on developing sustainable farming practices, managing forests for long-term health, and protecting biodiversity.

Agricultural and food scientists (BLS code 19-1011) earn a median salary of $68,830, with a range from $43,960 to $125,160. These scientists research ways to improve crop production, soil health, pest management, and food processing while minimizing environmental impact. You'll work in laboratories, experimental farms, and field sites. Many positions involve travel to agricultural regions to conduct research or provide technical assistance to farmers.

Park ranger careers and forest management roles combine conservation science with public service. Rangers protect natural resources, educate visitors, enforce regulations, and sometimes perform search and rescue operations. The work is physically demanding and often requires living in remote areas, but it offers the reward of protecting natural heritage. Conservation scientists and foresters in these roles earn median salaries around $64,010, with experienced professionals reaching $80,000-$100,000 depending on responsibility level and location.

Wildlife biologists and zoologists (BLS code 19-1023) study animal populations, habitats, and conservation needs with a median salary of $66,350. This career requires extensive field work, often in challenging conditions. You'll track migration patterns, assess population health, study human-wildlife conflicts, and recommend management strategies. Competition is intense for these positions, particularly with charismatic species or in popular locations.

Common bachelor's degrees for agriculture and forestry careers include:

• BS in Soil Science
• BS in Organic and Sustainable Agriculture
• BA in Food Systems, Nutrition, and Health
• BS in Forestry
• BS in Forest Health
• BS in Wildlife Biology
• BS in Range Management

These programs require substantial field and lab work. You'll study soil science, forest biometrics, disease and insect biology, recreational land management, fire management, and rangeland science. Expect to spend significant time outdoors conducting research, taking measurements, and observing ecosystems. Many programs require a field methods course or summer field camp.

Environmental Health Careers

Environmental health professionals work at the intersection of public health and environmental science. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted how environmental factors-from wildlife encroachment to air quality to water and sanitation-directly impact human health. These careers focus on identifying and mitigating environmental health risks.

Environmental health professionals, including specialists and inspectors who are part of the broader environmental scientists and specialists occupational category, typically earn within the $50,130-$129,450 range depending on role specificity, specialization, and experience level. You'll investigate disease outbreaks, monitor water and air quality, inspect food facilities, assess hazardous waste sites, and develop public health programs. Some positions require a willingness to respond to emergencies, including disease outbreaks or environmental disasters.

Occupational health and safety specialists (BLS code 19-5011) earn a median salary of $76,340, with experienced specialists earning up to $116,700. These professionals ensure workplaces comply with environmental and safety regulations. You'll conduct inspections, investigate accidents, train employees, and develop safety programs. This career combines environmental science with industrial safety, and positions exist across all industries from manufacturing to healthcare to construction.

Water and wastewater treatment plant operators (BLS code 51-8031) ensure communities have safe drinking water and proper sewage treatment, earning median wages of $49,090, with experienced operators reaching $79,620. While the work involves essential infrastructure management rather than glamorous environmental projects, it provides solid middle-class wages, strong job security, and the satisfaction of directly protecting community health. Many positions are accessible with an associate's degree plus state-required certification.

Bachelor's degrees common for environmental health careers include:

• BS in Environmental Health
• BA in Public Health
• BS in Biostatistics
• BS in Environmental Microbiology
• BS in Nutrition

These programs require coursework in biology, chemistry, microbiology, epidemiology, and public health principles. You'll study hazardous waste management, radiation and air pollution control, industrial hygiene, and quantitative analysis methods. Internships or practicums with health departments or environmental agencies are typically required for graduation.

Careers by State

Advanced Environmental Careers (Master's and Doctoral Degrees)

Master's degrees and PhDs unlock the highest-paying and most influential environmental positions. These are the roles where you'll conduct original research, develop new policies, manage large programs, or lead scientific teams. Graduate education provides the depth of expertise and research training these positions require.

Natural sciences managers (BLS code 11-9121) oversee research teams, manage budgets, coordinate projects, and translate scientific findings for non-scientists, earning a median salary of $137,940. This is one of the highest-paying environmental careers, but it typically requires both a graduate degree and 5-10 years of experience managing scientific projects or leading research teams-the management experience is often more critical than the advanced degree itself. You'll spend less time conducting research yourself and more time managing people, budgets, and strategic direction.

Environmental engineers with master's degrees typically earn within the $92,120-$144,810 range, with higher salaries going to those with specialized expertise in high-demand areas like renewable energy systems, environmental remediation technologies, or sustainable infrastructure design. Salary variation depends heavily on sector (consulting versus government), geographic location, and years of experience. Advanced degrees also open consulting opportunities where experienced professionals can earn significantly more than in government or corporate staff positions.

Urban and regional planners (BLS code 19-3051) shape how communities grow while protecting environmental resources, earning median salaries of $78,140, with experienced planners reaching $118,280. Master's degrees in urban planning or environmental planning are typically required for professional planner positions. You'll work with local governments, developers, and community groups to create comprehensive plans, zoning regulations, and development policies that balance growth with conservation.

Master's and Doctoral Programs

Graduate environmental programs fall into two broad categories: research-focused programs preparing you for scientific careers, and professional programs preparing you for applied work in management, policy, or specialized practice.

Research-oriented programs (MS, PhD) focus on original scientific investigation. You'll conduct extensive lab or field research, publish findings, and defend a thesis or dissertation. These programs prepare you for careers in academia, government research labs, or corporate research and development. PhDs are primarily valuable if you want to become a university professor, lead major research programs at national labs, or pursue very specialized scientific research.

Professional master's programs (MPH, MS in Sustainability Management, Master of Environmental Management) emphasize applied skills. You'll take courses, complete a capstone project, and often do an internship, but there's less emphasis on original research. These programs prepare you for leadership roles in environmental management, public health, sustainability, or environmental policy implementation.

Common graduate degrees for advanced environmental careers include:

• MS in Environmental Sciences
• MS in Sustainability Management
• Master of Public Health (MPH) with Environmental Health focus
• MS in Environmental Engineering
• Master of Environmental Management
• MS in Global Energy Management
• Master of Forestry
• Juris Doctor (JD) in Environmental Law
• PhD in Environmental Sciences
• PhD in Sustainable Agriculture

Graduate programs commonly require relevant work experience before admission. Many programs want to see 2-5 years of professional experience in environmental work, along with strong GRE scores (though some programs have dropped this requirement), excellent letters of recommendation from supervisors or professors, and a clear statement of your research interests or career goals.

The curriculum at the graduate level is highly specialized. In a master's program studying environmental policy, for example, you might take courses on environmental law and regulatory frameworks, current and proposed environmental policy, international environmental agreements and governance, economic analysis of environmental regulations, and environmental justice. Your courses will go deep into specific topics rather than providing broad overviews.

Funding for graduate programs varies dramatically. PhD programs in environmental sciences typically offer teaching or research assistantships that cover tuition and provide a stipend. Professional master's programs rarely offer full funding, though some students receive partial scholarships or work as research assistants to offset costs. Be strategic about taking on debt for graduate education-calculate expected salary increases versus the cost of the program.

Environmental Science Salary Overview

Environmental science salaries vary widely based on education level, specialization, experience, geographic location, and employer type. Here's what you can realistically expect at different career stages based on May 2024 Bureau of Labor Statistics data.

Geographic location significantly impacts environmental salaries. Scientists working in major metropolitan areas, particularly in California, the Northeast, and the Pacific Northwest, typically earn 20-40% more than the national median. However, the cost of living in these areas is also substantially higher. Some of the best quality-of-life combinations exist in medium-sized cities near public lands where environmental jobs are abundant, but housing costs remain reasonable.

Employer type also matters. Federal government positions (EPA, USGS, National Park Service) offer competitive salaries plus excellent benefits and job security. State and local government positions typically pay less but often have lower-cost living locations. Private sector environmental consulting can pay significantly more than government work, particularly for experienced professionals, but hours can be long, and project work can be cyclical. Nonprofit organizations generally pay less than government or private sector positions but often provide mission-driven work and flexible schedules.

Job Growth and Employment Outlook

Environmental scientists and specialists (BLS code 19-2041) are projected to experience 6% employment growth from 2022 to 2032, adding approximately 4,800 new positions. When accounting for workers leaving the occupation permanently (retirement, career change), there will be about 6,900 total annual openings for environmental scientists and specialists specifically.

That 6% growth rate is roughly on par with the average for all occupations, representing steady rather than explosive growth. The competition for positions varies dramatically by specialization and location. Wildlife biology and park ranger positions in popular locations can receive hundreds of applications for a single opening. Conversely, environmental engineering positions in industrial areas or environmental health roles in rural counties may have difficulty finding qualified candidates.

The fastest-growing environmental careers are in renewable energy installation and maintenance. Solar photovoltaic installers and wind turbine technicians are both projected to grow over 20% through 2032-much faster than average. These hands-on roles require less formal education than scientist positions but offer solid wages and the satisfaction of directly contributing to clean energy expansion.

Several factors are driving environmental job growth:

• Climate change adaptation: Communities need environmental scientists to assess climate risks, design adaptation strategies, and implement resilience projects.
• Renewable energy expansion: Federal investment in clean energy infrastructure is creating thousands of jobs in wind, solar, geothermal, and energy efficiency sectors.
• Environmental remediation: Decades of industrial activity have left contaminated sites requiring cleanup, creating a steady demand for environmental scientists and engineers.
• Corporate sustainability: More companies are hiring sustainability professionals to reduce environmental impact, meet ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) goals, and respond to investor and consumer pressure.
• Regulatory enforcement: State and federal agencies need environmental scientists to monitor compliance, conduct inspections, and enforce environmental regulations.

However, some environmental careers face headwinds. Federal budget constraints can limit hiring at agencies like the EPA and National Park Service. Some corporate sustainability positions are vulnerable to economic downturns when companies cut "non-essential" roles. And automation is beginning to affect environmental monitoring, with drones and sensors replacing some field technician work.

Geographic trends show environmental job growth concentrated in several regions:

• California: Leading in renewable energy, sustainability consulting, and environmental technology, with the highest concentration of environmental jobs nationally.
• Texas: Growing environmental engineering and remediation sectors, plus renewable energy expansion in wind and solar.
• Pacific Northwest: Strong in forestry, conservation, environmental consulting, and green building industries.
• Mid-Atlantic region: High concentration of federal environmental agencies and contractors supporting government programs.
• Mountain West: Growing demand for natural resource managers, outdoor recreation planners, and conservation scientists.

Your career prospects improve significantly with flexibility on location, especially early in your career. Many environmental professionals start in less competitive locations, gain experience, and then move to more desirable areas. Building a strong professional network, maintaining relevant certifications, and developing technical skills in high-demand areas all improve job prospects.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the highest-paying environmental science job?

Natural Sciences Managers earn the highest median salary at $137,940 annually according to 2024 BLS data, though this role typically requires a master's degree plus 5-10 years of management experience rather than a PhD specifically. Environmental lawyers and senior environmental engineers in consulting firms can also earn well into six figures, depending on specialization and experience level.

Can I get an environmental job with just an associate's degree?

Yes. Solar photovoltaic installers (median $48,800) and wind turbine technicians (median $61,770) are growing fields accessible with associate's degrees or technical certifications. Environmental science and protection technicians (median $51,630) also typically need only an associate's degree. These roles provide hands-on experience and solid middle-class wages while keeping education costs manageable.

How long does it take to become an environmental scientist?

Most environmental scientist positions require a bachelor's degree (4 years). Adding internships, field schools, or co-op programs may extend this to 4.5-5 years. Advanced research or policy roles typically require a master's degree (additional 2 years) or a PhD (5-7 years total). However, you can begin working in environmental technician roles with an associate's degree (2 years) while completing your bachelor's.

What is the job growth outlook for environmental careers?

Environmental scientists and specialists specifically are projected to grow 6% from 2022-2032, adding about 4,800 new positions with approximately 6,900 annual openings total (including replacements). This is roughly average growth compared to all occupations. However, renewable energy careers like solar installers are growing much faster at 22%, while some traditional conservation roles are growing more slowly.

Do I need a PhD to work in environmental science?

No. The vast majority of environmental science careers require only a bachelor's or master's degree. PhDs are primarily necessary if you want to become a university professor, lead major research programs at national labs, or pursue very specialized scientific research. Only about 5-10% of environmental scientists hold PhDs, and most work in academia or government research facilities.

How competitive are environmental science jobs?

Competition varies dramatically by specialization and location. Wildlife biology and park ranger positions, especially in popular locations, can be extremely competitive, with hundreds of applicants per opening. Environmental engineering, sustainability consulting, and environmental health positions in less glamorous locations or industries typically face moderate competition. Your competitiveness improves with relevant internships, technical skills, certifications, and geographic flexibility.

What's the difference between an environmental scientist and an environmental engineer?

Environmental scientists typically focus on monitoring, research, and assessment-collecting data, analyzing environmental conditions, and studying ecosystems. Environmental engineers design and implement solutions-creating systems to treat wastewater, reduce air pollution, or remediate contaminated sites. Scientists answer "what's happening?" while engineers answer "how do we fix it?" Engineers generally earn higher salaries but require stronger mathematics and engineering fundamentals.

Can I work remotely in environmental science?

Some environmental careers offer remote work flexibility, particularly policy analysis, environmental consulting, report writing, GIS analysis, and sustainability management roles. However, many environmental positions require field work, lab work, or site visits that can't be done remotely. The trend is toward hybrid models where you have office days (potentially remote) and field days (in-person). Fully remote environmental careers are rare but growing in areas like environmental data science and virtual environmental education.

Dr. Marcus Hale, PhD

Dr. Marcus Hale is a dedicated environmental scientist with a deep commitment to conservation and sustainable solutions. Holding a PhD from the University of Florida, he has spent over 15 years in the field, from hands-on restoration projects with The Nature Conservancy to advising on policy and climate resilience. His research and publications focus on protecting ecosystems and guiding the next generation toward impactful green careers. Outside of work, Marcus enjoys kayaking in Florida's waterways and volunteering with local environmental education programs.

See Full Bio

2024 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary and job growth figures for Environmental Scientists and Specialists reflect state and national data, not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed January 2026. View the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook.