A soil scientist studies the physical and chemical properties of soil to support sustainable agriculture, environmental conservation, and land management. These professionals typically earn a median salary of $65,170 annually and work in government agencies, private consulting firms, or research institutions. The field is projected to grow 6% through 2032, creating approximately 600 new positions annually.
Welcome to your comprehensive guide to soil science careers. If you're passionate about environmental sustainability, hands-on fieldwork, and making a direct impact on food security, soil science offers a unique opportunity to protect one of Earth's most vital resources. Here's everything you need to know about pursuing this career.
Soil isn't just dirt-it's a complex living ecosystem that sustains agriculture, filters water, stores carbon, and supports biodiversity. Soil scientists made the agricultural "green revolution" of the 1960s possible and continue solving critical challenges today. With global population growth and climate change pressures, the demand for professionals who can increase crop productivity while conserving soil resources has never been greater.
What Does a Soil Scientist Do?
Soil scientists study soil composition, structure, and behavior to solve real-world problems in agriculture, environmental protection, and land use planning. On any given day, you might collect soil samples from a farm experiencing nutrient deficiencies, analyze samples in a laboratory to measure pH and mineral content, create detailed soil maps using GIS technology, or advise a construction company on foundation requirements for a new building.
The work combines fieldwork and office analysis. In the field, you'll walk over uneven terrain, use soil augers and shovels to collect samples from different depths, and operate GPS equipment to document site locations. Back in the office or lab, you'll analyze data, interpret results, write reports, and develop management recommendations for clients or stakeholders.
Soil scientists identify, interpret, map, and manage soils across diverse applications. Many work closely with farmers, helping them develop nutrient management plans that boost yields while reducing chemical inputs. Others focus on environmental conservation-preventing erosion, protecting water quality by stopping surface and groundwater pollution, or restoring contaminated sites after mining or industrial use.
You'll use advanced technology throughout your work. Air and satellite imagery help identify soil patterns across large areas. Geographic information systems (GIS) analyze relationships between soil types, topography, vegetation, and climate. Computer models predict how different management practices will affect soil productivity over time.
Core Responsibilities
Soil scientists conduct soil surveys to classify and map soil types across regions. You'll measure soil characteristics like texture, depth, drainage, and nutrient availability. This information helps landowners, developers, and policymakers make informed decisions about land use. For agricultural applications, you'll monitor how farming, grazing, and forestry operations affect soil health and productivity, then recommend practices that maintain or improve soil quality.
Many soil scientists specialize in environmental assessment and remediation. This might involve preparing environmental impact statements for proposed developments, designing erosion-control systems, planning mine reclamation projects, or restoring industrial sites. You'll advise on how toxins move through soil and water, evaluate remediation options, and assess wetlands or archaeological sites before development.
Experienced soil scientists often take on leadership roles coordinating research teams, securing grant funding, advising policymakers on soil conservation regulations, and mentoring junior staff. You might plan large-scale studies examining climate impacts on soil carbon storage, establish data collection protocols ensuring accuracy across multiple research sites, negotiate access to federal lands for research purposes, or design outreach programs educating farmers and landowners about soil conservation practices.
Where and How Do Soil Scientists Work?
Soil scientists split their time between fieldwork and office-based analysis, with the exact ratio depending on their role and employer. Field days involve walking over uneven terrain in various weather conditions-from humid summer heat to cold early spring mornings. You'll use shovels, soil augers, and specialized sampling equipment while working outdoors most of the day. Physical stamina helps, though the work isn't extremely demanding.
Most soil scientists work standard 40-hour weeks, though fieldwork schedules vary seasonally. You'll be busiest during growing seasons when soil conditions are optimal for sampling and farmers need immediate guidance. Project deadlines may occasionally require extra hours for laboratory analysis and report writing, but extreme overtime is rare.
Most soil scientists work for federal and state government agencies. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service employs the largest number of people, working with farmers and ranchers on conservation planning. The Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Survey, and state environmental departments also hire soil scientists for regulatory and research roles. Government positions typically offer job stability, good benefits, and opportunities to work on large-scale conservation projects.
Private-sector opportunities exist in environmental consulting firms conducting site assessments for development projects, agricultural companies developing precision farming technologies, mining companies planning reclamation strategies, and research institutions studying climate change impacts. Some soil scientists teach at colleges and universities, combining instruction with research.
Travel requirements vary by position. Government soil scientists often work within assigned regions, making day trips to field sites and returning home each evening. Consultants may travel to multiple client sites across larger geographic areas, with occasional overnight stays for remote locations. International opportunities exist with organizations like the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, though these positions are competitive and typically require advanced degrees.
What Is a Typical Soil Scientist's Salary?
Soil scientists earn competitive salaries that reflect their specialized expertise and educational requirements. The median annual salary for soil and plant scientists was $65,170 as of May 2022 (the most recent data available). Your earning potential varies significantly based on employment sector, geographic location, experience level, and educational credentials.
Research and development positions offer the highest median salaries at approximately $74,000, followed by food manufacturing at around $68,000. Federal government positions typically pay around $79,000, while state and local government roles average approximately $61,000. Environmental consulting firms pay around $71,000, and educational institutions offer around $56,000 for faculty positions.
Entry-level soil scientists with bachelor's degrees typically start in the $45,000-$55,000 range, while experienced professionals with master's degrees or PhDs can earn $80,000-$100,000 or more annually, particularly in senior research or management positions.
| State | Total Employment | Bottom 25% | Median Salary | Top 75% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 70 | $46,260 | $56,650 | $75,940 |
| Arizona | 190 | $58,720 | $71,750 | $80,050 |
| Arkansas | 50 | $49,360 | $72,700 | $93,070 |
| California | 2,580 | $55,760 | $70,820 | $95,380 |
| Colorado | 410 | $43,730 | $54,460 | $64,370 |
| Connecticut | 120 | $57,500 | $70,830 | $82,180 |
| Delaware | 70 | $51,940 | $60,700 | $73,150 |
| District of Columbia | 60 | $68,020 | $83,910 | $100,570 |
| Florida | 250 | $38,320 | $58,930 | $93,580 |
| Georgia | 180 | $47,130 | $61,110 | $81,340 |
| Hawaii | 110 | $49,850 | $63,840 | $80,330 |
| Idaho | 150 | $45,320 | $69,180 | $79,930 |
| Illinois | 380 | $44,740 | $55,260 | $72,130 |
| Indiana | 170 | $40,640 | $52,270 | $74,340 |
| Iowa | 900 | $52,940 | $62,920 | $79,210 |
| Kansas | 400 | $47,470 | $57,600 | $71,670 |
| Kentucky | 50 | $50,070 | $67,340 | $90,080 |
| Louisiana | 90 | $60,990 | $74,330 | $88,060 |
| Maine | 60 | $38,850 | $53,690 | $66,010 |
| Maryland | 400 | $79,380 | $109,670 | $123,110 |
| Massachusetts | 390 | $66,410 | $88,300 | $106,280 |
| Michigan | 380 | $44,880 | $52,900 | $68,570 |
| Minnesota | 650 | $53,360 | $68,340 | $91,160 |
| Mississippi | 70 | $66,910 | $80,030 | $120,290 |
| Missouri | 290 | $33,970 | $46,280 | $68,960 |
| Montana | 140 | $50,970 | $61,140 | $75,820 |
| Nebraska | 530 | $42,980 | $55,310 | $71,020 |
| Nevada | 40 | $68,710 | $74,630 | $80,710 |
| New Jersey | 60 | $65,750 | $74,470 | $86,850 |
| New Mexico | 90 | $46,460 | $65,530 | $77,990 |
| New York | 160 | $53,490 | $62,340 | $90,140 |
| North Carolina | 710 | $43,120 | $54,200 | $73,100 |
| North Dakota | 370 | $55,040 | $72,380 | $101,800 |
| Ohio | 310 | $42,730 | $55,630 | $62,800 |
| Oklahoma | 210 | $20,170 | $44,780 | $65,300 |
| Oregon | 510 | $62,960 | $76,090 | $90,490 |
| Pennsylvania | 210 | $45,630 | $55,800 | $76,770 |
| Puerto Rico | 190 | $29,590 | $34,860 | $39,390 |
| South Dakota | 580 | $47,130 | $58,700 | $72,500 |
| Tennessee | 140 | $41,740 | $54,140 | $75,850 |
| Texas | 510 | $46,580 | $63,180 | $79,120 |
| Utah | 60 | $43,630 | $52,280 | $71,410 |
| Virginia | 150 | $46,730 | $59,320 | $79,600 |
| Washington | 240 | $64,020 | $73,680 | $84,510 |
| West Virginia | 40 | $36,670 | $45,670 | $63,920 |
| Wisconsin | 560 | $47,440 | $57,230 | $64,300 |
Table data taken from BLS (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes191013.htm)
Salary by Location
Geographic location significantly impacts earning potential, with the highest salaries concentrated in states with extensive agricultural sectors, active environmental programs, or high costs of living:
- California: Approximately $88,000 median-driven by extensive agricultural industry, strict environmental regulations, and high cost of living adjustments
- Washington: Approximately $82,000 median-reflects federal research facilities, forestry sector demand, and government employment concentration
- Texas: Approximately $71,000 median-supported by the oil and gas industry, creating remediation opportunities and a large agricultural sector
- Northeast states: Approximately $76,000 median-influenced by consulting demand, environmental regulations, and cost of living
Midwestern agricultural states offer slightly lower salarie,s averaging around $63,000, but typically come with significantly lower costs of living and strong job stability through USDA employment.
What Is the Job Demand for Soil Scientists?
The job outlook for soil and plant scientists is positive, with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting 6% growth from 2022 to 2032. This translates to approximately 600 new positions opening annually across the United States. While this represents slower growth than some other agricultural and food scientists specialties, it's driven by genuine, sustained demand rather than temporary market fluctuations.
Several factors fuel this demand. Climate change is altering soil conditions and agricultural practices worldwide, creating an urgent need for expertise in soil carbon sequestration, drought-resistant crop systems, and erosion prevention. Sustainable agriculture movements emphasize soil health as foundational to long-term productivity, driving demand for consultants who can help farmers transition to regenerative practices. Environmental regulations require soil assessments for development projects, mine reclamation, and contaminated site cleanup.
Competition for positions varies by sector and location. Federal government openings attract many applicants due to job security and benefits, making these roles competitive for entry-level candidates. Private consulting and state government positions typically see less competition. Candidates with master's degrees, GIS expertise, and field experience have distinct advantages in the job market.
The long-term outlook remains strong. Population growth means continued pressure to increase food production sustainably. Environmental restoration of degraded lands will require soil science expertise for decades to come. Urban expansion needs soil scientists for site evaluations and stormwater management. These trends suggest stable career prospects for the foreseeable future.
Getting a Soil Scientist Degree
Most soil scientist positions require a minimum bachelor's degree, though career advancement and specialized roles often demand graduate education. Here's what you need to know about educational pathways in soil science.
Bachelor's Degree Requirements
A bachelor's degree in soil science, agronomy, environmental science, or a closely related field provides entry into the profession. Many agricultural universities offer specialized soil science programs with two concentration options. Environmental Soil Science tracks prepare you for careers in water quality protection, contaminated site remediation, and environmental consulting. Soil Science tracks focus on agricultural applications like nutrient management, crop production, and precision farming.
Your coursework typically includes soil chemistry, soil physics, soil biology, geology, hydrology, and plant science. You'll take supporting classes in mathematics, statistics, and geographic information systems (GIS). Laboratory courses teach analytical techniques for measuring soil properties, while field courses develop sampling skills and mapping expertise. Strong programs include internship requirements or research opportunities that provide hands-on experience before graduation.
Look for programs accredited or recognized by the Soil Science Society of America. These programs meet professional standards and often have strong connections with employers for internships and job placement. State land-grant universities typically offer robust soil science programs, excellent faculty research, and strong industry partnerships.
Graduate Education Options
A master's degree isn't required for entry-level positions, but it can open doors to specialized research roles, management positions, and higher salaries. Master's programs typically require two years of coursework plus original research culminating in a thesis. You'll develop expertise in specialized areas like soil microbiology, precision agriculture, soil carbon dynamics, contaminant fate and transport, or digital soil mapping.
The investment pays off through expanded career options. Many federal research positions, senior consulting roles, and state soil scientist positions prefer or require master's degrees. Graduate education also provides networking opportunities through conferences, research collaborations, and involvement in professional societies that benefit your entire career.
PhDs are primarily needed for university faculty positions, independent research leadership at federal laboratories, and high-level policy advisor roles. Expect to invest 4-6 additional years in coursework, comprehensive exams, and dissertation research. This path suits you if you're passionate about advancing scientific knowledge, training the next generation of soil scientists, or shaping environmental policy at the national level.
Certifications and Professional Credentials
The Soil Science Society of America offers professional certification as a Certified Professional Soil Scientist (CPSS) or Certified Professional Soil Classifier (CPSC). While not mandatory for employment, these credentials demonstrate expertise to employers and clients. Requirements include relevant education, professional experience, and passing a comprehensive examination. Many consulting firms and government agencies value these certifications for contract bidding and professional credibility.
Some states require licensure for certain soil science work, particularly septic system design and installation oversight. Check your state's requirements if you're interested in private consulting, as licensure may be necessary depending on the specific services you'll provide.
Degrees Related to Soil Science
Professional Organizations for Soil Scientists
Joining professional organizations is essential for networking, staying current with research advances, and accessing continuing education. Student memberships are typically offered at discounted rates and provide valuable career development resources.
Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
The Soil Science Society of America is the premier international professional organization for soil scientists. Membership benefits include access to three leading peer-reviewed journals (Soil Science Society of America Journal, Journal of Environmental Quality, and Vadose Zone Journal), annual conferences featuring cutting-edge research presentations, career center resources, professional certification programs, and specialized divisions focused on areas like soil fertility, soil physics, environmental quality, and forest and range soils. SSSA also offers webinars, online courses, and networking opportunities that support career-long professional development.
U.S. Consortium of Soil Science Associations
The U.S. Consortium of Soil Science Associations is a federation of related member societies coordinating communication between organizations to further common goals. It offers training programs, operates a speakers bureau for public outreach, and maintains directories of soil science contractors that can help you find employment or consulting opportunities.
Additional Resources
These organizations provide specialized knowledge and international perspectives valuable for career development:
- International Soil Conservation Organization - Global network focused on soil conservation research and best practices across diverse ecosystems
- International Soil Tillage Research Organisation - Advancing sustainable soil management practices in agricultural systems worldwide
- Global Soil Week - Annual international forum bringing together scientists, policymakers, and practitioners to address soil security challenges
- International Union of Soil Sciences - Global organization promoting soil science advancement through international cooperation and scientific exchange
Frequently Asked Questions
What does a soil scientist do on a daily basis?
Soil scientists split their time between fieldwork and office tasks. In the field, you'll collect soil samples using augers and shovels, examine soil profiles in pits or cores, document site conditions with GPS and photography, and meet with landowners or farmers to discuss soil-related issues. Office work involves analyzing laboratory data, creating soil maps using GIS software, writing reports and recommendations, consulting with clients, and reviewing research literature to stay current. The exact mix depends on your employer-government scientists might spend 40-50% of their time in the field during the growing season, while consultants and researchers have more variable schedules.
Do I need a PhD to become a soil scientist?
No, most soil scientist positions require only a bachelor's degree in soil science, agronomy, environmental science, or a related field. A bachelor's degree qualifies you for entry-level positions with government agencies, consulting firms, and agricultural companies. A master's degree can open opportunities for specialized research roles, senior positions, and higher salaries, but it isn't mandatory for a successful career. PhDs are primarily needed for university faculty positions, independent research leadership at national laboratories, and high-level policy advisor roles. Your educational investment should match your career goals-don't pursue graduate degrees simply because they exist.
Is soil science a growing field?
Yes, soil science is projected to grow 6% from 2022 to 2032, creating approximately 600 new positions annually according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This growth is driven by increasing demand for sustainable agriculture practices, climate change adaptation strategies, environmental site remediation, and land use planning. While growth is somewhat slower than in some other environmental science fields, job stability is strong due to consistent government employment and ongoing agricultural needs. The long-term outlook remains positive, as population growth and environmental challenges continue to require soil science expertise.
Where do soil scientists typically work?
Most soil scientists work for federal agencies such as the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Environmental Protection Agency, or the U.S. Geological Survey. State environmental departments and agricultural extension services also employ many soil scientists. Private sector opportunities exist with environmental consulting firms conducting site assessments, agricultural companies developing precision farming technologies, and research institutions. Some teach at universities while conducting research. The work environment is split between field sites (farms, forests, construction sites, contaminated areas) and offices or laboratories. Expect outdoor work in various weather conditions, mixed with desk-based data analysis and report writing.
What's the difference between a soil scientist and an agronomist?
While there's significant overlap, soil scientists focus specifically on soil properties, formation, classification, and mapping across diverse applications including agriculture, environmental protection, engineering, and land use planning. Agronomists take a broader approach to crop production systems, studying not just soils but also plant genetics, pest management, irrigation, and farm management economics. Soil scientists might work on non-agricultural projects like wetland assessments or contaminated site cleanup, while agronomists typically focus on optimizing crop yields and farm profitability. Many professionals work in both areas, and educational programs often allow you to develop expertise in both disciplines.
Key Takeaways
- Competitive Salaries: Soil scientists earn a median salary of $65,170, with research and development positions offering the highest compensation at approximately $74,000 annually. Geographic location and specialization significantly impact earning potential.
- Diverse Work Environments: Split your time between hands-on fieldwork (collecting samples, examining sites) and office-based analysis (GIS mapping, data interpretation, report writing). Work for government agencies, private consulting firms, research institutions, or agricultural companies.
- Bachelor's Degree Entry: Most positions require only a bachelor's degree in soil science or a related field, though master's degrees open advanced research and management opportunities. PhDs are needed primarily for university teaching and independent research leadership.
- Steady Career Growth: The field is projected to grow 6% through 2032, creating approximately 600 new positions annually. Demand is driven by the needs of sustainable agriculture, environmental conservation priorities, and climate change challenges.
- Meaningful Environmental Impact: Directly contributes to food security by improving crop productivity, protecting water quality through pollution prevention, restoring degraded lands, and helping communities adapt to climate change through science-based soil management.
Ready to start your soil science career? Explore accredited degree programs that prepare you for this vital field protecting our planet's soil resources and supporting sustainable agriculture.
2022 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary and job growth figures for soil and plant scientists reflect national data, not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed January 2026. Source: BLS
